Black Phosphorus
Black phosphorus was first synthesised in 1914 by Percy W Bridgman by heating white phosphorus at high pressures. It is the most stable known allotrope of phosphorus and consists of 2-dimensional layers of phosphorus, known as phosphorene.
Despite being largely overlooked for 100 years, the current boom in 2D materials research has resulted in black phosphorus gaining more attention. The individual phosphorene monolayers were first separated and studied in 2014, and research into the its unique properties and wide range of potential applications has been ongoing since. Within research, glove boxes are used to prevent degradation of its unique properties.
Browse Black Phosphorus
Black Phosphorus Powder
Can be used for preparation of black phosphorus quantum dots, nano-platelets and thin films. Available in quantities of 250 mg, 500 mg, or 1 g with ≥99.995% purity.
From $432
ex. VAT
Black Phosphorus Crystal
Can be used to produce single or few-layer phosphorene sheets via mechanical or liquid exfoliation. Small or bulk crystal quantities available with ≥99.999% purity.
From $648
ex. VAT
*Typical representative size, areas/dimensions may vary
Resources and Support
What is Black Phosphorus?
Black phosphorus is a crystalline allotrope of phosphorus. It is distinct from the more common white and red forms of phosphorous due to its unique structure and properties.
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Black Phosphorus Uses and Applications
Due to the unique properties, exfoliated monolayer and few-layer black phosphorus have potential for a wide range of applications in electronics and optoelectronics.
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Black Phosphorus Structure
Black phosphorus has gained attention for its distinct structural properties when reduced to two-dimensional layers known as phosphorene.
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Black Phosphorus Properties
The optical, electronic, and mechanical properties of phosphorene differ from that of the bulk state due to combinations of factors.
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The Allotropes of Phosphorus
Depending on environmental conditions and how it is processed, elemental phosphorus can take several forms: white, red, black, and violet phosphorus.
Read more...Literature and Reviews
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- Isolation and characterization of few-layer black phosphorus, A. Castellanos-Gomez et al., 2D Mater. 1(2) 025001 (2014); doi:10.1088/2053-1583/1/2/025001.
- High-mobility transport anisotropy and linear dichroism in few-layer black phosphorus, J. Qiao et al., Nat. Commun., 5:4475 (2014); DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5475.
- Black Phosphorus: Narrow Gap, Wide Applications, A. Castellanos-Gomez, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 6, 4280−4291 (2015); DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01686.
- Strain Engineering for Phosphorene: The Potential Application as a Photocatalyst, B.Sa et al., J. Phys. Chem. C, 118 (46), 26560–26568 (2014); DOI: 10.1021/jp508618t.
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- Anisotropic in-plane thermal conductivity observed in few-layer black phosphorus, Z. Luo et al., Nat. Commun., 6, 8572 (2015)
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- Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots with Tunable Memory Properties and Multilevel Resistive Switching Characteristics, S. Han et al., Adv. Sci., 4, 1600435 (2017); DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600435.
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- Electronic properties of bilayer phosphorene quantum dots in the presence of perpendicular electric and magnetic fields, L. Li et al., Phys. Rev. B 96, 155425 (2017); DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.96.155425.
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- Red Phosphorus: An Elemental Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Formation from Water, F. Wang et al., Appl. Catal., 111, 409-414 (2012)
- Single-Layered Hittorf’s Phosphorus: A Wide-Bandgap High Mobility 2D Material, Schusteritsch et al., Nano Lett., 16 (5), 2975-2980 (2016)
- 2D Nanoelectronics: Physics and Devices of Atomically Thin Materials, M. Dragoman and D. Dragoman, Springer International Publishing (2017)
- Thermal conductivity determination of suspended mono- and bilayer WS2 by Raman spectroscopy, Peimyoo et al., Nano Research, 8 (4), 1210–1221 (2015)
- Thermal Conductivity of Monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide Obtained from Temperature-Dependent Raman Spectroscopy, R. Yan et al., ACS Nano, 8 (1), 986–993 (2014)
- Black phosphorus field-effect transistors, Li et al, Nature Nanotechnology, 9, 372–377 (2014)
- Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity of Exfoliated Black Phosphorus, H. Jang et al., Advanced materials, 27 (48), 8017-8022 (2015)
- Rediscovering black phosphorus as an anisotropic layered material for optoelectronics and electronics, Xia et al., Nature Communications, 5, 4458 (2014)
- Graphene Field-Effect Transistors with High On/Off Current Ratio and Large Transport Band Gap at Room Temperature, F. Xia et al., Nano Lett., 10 (2), 715–718 (2010)
- High-mobility and air-stable single-layer WS2 field-effect transistors sandwiched between chemical vapor deposition-grown hexagonal BN films, M. Iqbal et al., Scientific Reports, 5, 10699 (2015)
- Low voltage and high ON/OFF ratio field-effect transistors based on CVD MoS2 and ultra high-k gate dielectric PZT, C. Zhou et al., Nanoscale, 7, 8695-8700 (2015)
- Optical tuning of exciton and trion emissions in monolayer phosphorene, J. Yang et al., Light: Science & Applications, 4, 312 (2015)
- Tin Disulfide-An Emerging Layered Metal Dichalcogenide Semiconductor: Materials Properties and Device Characteristics, Y. Huang et al., ACS Nano, 8 (10), 10743–10755 (2014)
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- Tin(II) Sulfide (SnS) Nanosheets by Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Herzenbergite: IV−VI Main Group Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystals, J. Brent et al., J. Soc., 137, 12689 (2015)
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- Indirect-to-Direct Band Gap Crossover in Few-Layer MoTe2, I. Lezama, Nano Lett., 15 (4), 2336-2342 (2015)
- Optical Properties and Band Gap of Single- and Few-Layer MoTe2 Crystals, C. Ruppert et al., Nano Lett., 14 (11), 6231-6236 (2014)
- Black Phosphorus Photodetector for Multispectral, High-Resolution Imaging, M. Engel et al., Nano Lett, 14 (11), 6414–6417 (2014)
- Waveguide-integrated black phosphorus photodetector with high responsivity and low dark current, N. Youngblood et al., Nature Photonics, 9, 247–252 (2015)
- Fast and Broadband Photoresponse of Few-Layer Black Phosphorus Field-Effect Transistors, M. Buscema et al., Nano Lett., 14 (6), 3347–3352 (2015)
- Photovoltaic effect in few-layer black phosphorus PN junctions defined by local electrostatic gating, M. Buscema et al., Nature Communications, 5, 4651 (2014)
- Edge-Modified Phosphorene Nanoflake Heterojunctions as Highly Efficient Solar Cells, W. Hu et al., Nano Lett., 16 (3), 1675–1682 (2016)
- Ultrahigh sensitivity and layer-dependent sensing performance of phosphorene-based gas sensors, S. Cui et al., Nature Communications, 6, 8632 (2015)
- Large Electronic Anisotropy and Enhanced Chemical Activity of Highly Rippled Phosphorene, A. Kistanov et al., Phys. Chem. C, 120 (12), 6876–6884 (2016)
- Ultrafast and Directional Diffusion of Lithium in Phosphorene for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Battery, W. Li et al., Nano Lett., 15 (3), 1691–1697 (2015)
- Phosphorene as an anode material for Na-ion batteries: a first-principles study, V. Kulish et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 17, 13921-13928 (2015)
- Growth of 2D black phosphorus film from chemical vapor deposition, J. Smith et al., Nanotechnology, 27 (21), 215602 (2016)